Media Factors in the process of influence
Frequency of Violence
Risk increases when:
- There are higher rates of violence in the exposures
Television World Profile on Frequency
- Since the early 1950's, between 60 and 80% of all television programmes have contained at least one act of violence
- The average rate for violent acts in fictional television programming over the past 40 years has been between six and eight acts of physical violence per every hour of programming
- Violence is prevalent in the news: if it bleeds, it leads
Context of Violence
Risk increases when:
- The perpertrator is rewarded or at least not punished
- The perpetrator is attractive/a hero
- There are no serious consequences (such as pain or harm) to the victim
- The action is portrayed as being justified
- Violence is portayed in a realistic setting with realistic characters
- Violence appears in a humorous context
- Violent portrayals are arousing
Television World Profile on Context
- Less than 30% of the violence is portrayed as being punished
- About 40% of perpetrators are portrayed as being attractive
- Only 15% of the violent incidents portray serious consequences (such as pain or harm) to the victim
- More than one quarter of violent action is portrayed as being justified
- Over half of the violence is portrayed in a realistic setting
- More than 40% of violent action appears in a humorous context
"On Media Violence" - W. James Potter
Summary of Major Findings About Effects of Exposure to Media Violence
Immediate Effects
1. Exposure to violent portrayals in the media can lead to subsequent viewer aggression through disinhibition
2. The immediate disinhibition effect is influenced by viewer demographics, viewer traits, viewer states, characteristics in the portrayals, and situational cues
3. Exposure to violence in the media can lead to fear effects
4. An immediate fear effect is influenced by a set of key factors about viewers and the portrayals
5. Exposure to violence in the media can lead to desensitisation
6. An immediate desensitisation effect is influenced by a set of key factors about viewers and the portrayals
Long Term Effects
7. Long-term exposure to media violence is related to aggression in a persons life
8. Media violence is related to subsequent violence in society
9. People exposed to many violent portrayals over a long time will come to exaggerate their chances of being victimised
10. People exposed to many violent portrayals over a long time will come to be more accepting of violence
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